Infectious Coryza in chickens. And what to do about it.

Do my chickens have Infectious Coryza? 

Introduction to Infectious Coryza or swollen head disease:

Infectious Coryza is sometimes likened by backyard keepers to the common cold for chickens but this is not the case as it is cause by a bacteria and not a virus like the common cold.

Infectious Coryza is a relatively common acute respiratory disease of chickens characterised by nasal discharge, sneezing, and swelling of the face under the eyes and is an intense respiratory infection spread by the bacterium known as the Avibacterium paragallinarum which is also known as Haemophilus paragallinarum and Haemophilus gallinarum.

Below: You can see how Infectious Coryza got it's alternative name of swollen head disease.

The clinical disorder of Infectious Coryza has been reported in early studies as swollen head disease, roup, infectious or contagious catarrh, cold, and uncomplicated coryza. The name the disease was given is Infectious Coryza because the infection principally affected the nasal cavity.

What causes Infectious Coryza in poultry?

Infectious Coryza is caused by a bacterium known as Avibacterium paragallinarum which is also known as Haemophilus paragallinarum and Haemophilus gallinarum.

Outbreaks usually result from the introduction of infected or carrier birds into a flock. The chicken can get this disease through contaminated water and contaminated surfaces. Similar bacteria cause infections in pheasants and guinea fowl.

How is Infectious Coryza spread or transmitted?

Infectious Coryza can be ingested or inhaled and is spread via contaminated feed or water or by the movement of chickens or poultry products from one flock to another or by the human keeper bringing the infection in.

Epidemiology:

• Chickens of all ages can be affected even though it is more prevalent in the old or the young.
• Carrier birds, source of infection can be ingestion or inhalation and the incubation period is 24-48 hours.
• Chronic and healthy carrier birds remain carriers of infectious coryza for a long periods.
• Coryza occurs most frequently in fall and winter.
• Infectious Coryza is not an egg transmitted disease.
• Avibacterium paragallinarum is a sensitive bacteria form that is inactivated quickly outside the host. 
• Infectious exudate suspended in tap water is inactivated in 4 hours at the surrounding temperature.
• When suspended in saline, the exudate is infectious for 24 hours at 22°C.
• Exudate or tissue stays infectious when held at 37°C for 24 hours and, now and again, if 48 hours at 4°C, exudate stays infectious for a few days. 
• At temperatures of 45°C–55°C, Coryza is killed within 2–10 minutes. 

Incubation Period of Infectious Coryza:

The incubation period of infectious coryza is short, 24-48 hours after the inoculation of chickens with either culture or exudates symptoms begin to show and susceptible birds exposed by close contact to infected cases may show signs of disease within 24-72 hours.

The route of infection is conjunctival or nasal with an incubation period of 1-3 days followed by rapid onset of the disease over a 2-3 day period with the whole flock affected within 10 days. In the absence of any concurrent infections, Infectious coryza usually runs its course within 2-3 weeks.

It is not egg-transmitted and the bacterium survives 2-3 days outside the bird, but is easily killed by heat, drying and disinfectants.

What are the sign and symptoms of Infectious Coryza?

The classic signs are the swollen head or face, the smelly discharge, lethargy and difficulty breathing.

Below: A classic case.

Coryzal signs and symptoms include:

1. Acute inflammation of upper respiratory tract involvement of nasal passage and sinuses producing a smelly and sticky discharge from the eyes and nostrils.
2. Facial oedema and conjunctivitis resulting in swollen face or eyes. Could be one or both. Their eyes will literally swell shut.
3. Swollen head like syndrome are also been associated with Avibacterium paragallinarum are seen in broiler birds.
4. Arthritis and septicaemia are seen in broiler and layer birds. Chickens may be immobile or move less and have a stiff gait.
5. Decreased feed and water consumption in growing birds.
6. Serous to mucoid nasal discharge.
7. Swollen or discoloured comb or wattles may be evident especially in the male.
8. In some outbreaks, peri-orbital swelling Conjunctivitis may be noticed.
9. Difficulty in breathing. Rales, coughing, sneezing and snoring at night while perching.
10. Diarrhoea and dirty vent feathers.
11. Egg production may be delayed in young pullets and severely reduced in producing hens.
12. A foul odour may be detected in the flock in which disease has been chronic and complicated by other bacteria.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis in the flock is based on the  history, clinical signs, and symptoms. A laboratory can isolate and identify the prescence of the organism directly.

The test involves taking exudate from sinuses after deep incision on the eye or from the trachea or air sac in the lungs.

Are some chickens more susceptible to Infectious Coryza than others?

There are no breed exceptions for this condition, the predisposing factors for Infectious Coryza are:

• Very young (1 to 3 weeks), very old,  and stressed adult birds are more susceptible. 
• Poor housing. 
• Parasitism.
• Inadequate nutrition.
• Poor ventilation.
• Wet litter.
• Complication or co-infections with other conditions like Fowl pox, IB, ILT, Mycoplasma.

Where is Infectious Coryza found?

No location is safe from infection as Infectious Coryza is found worldwide but the disease is seen only in chickens although similar bacteria cause conditions in pheasants and guinea fowls. 

The moralities with infectious coryza in chickens have been reported at 10%-35%.

There no significant public health significance.

In backyard flocks the disease seems to be more prevalent later in the chickens life and is particularly problematic in fall around moulting time when chickens are under stress already.

Can Coryza kill chickens?

Chickens can and do survive Infectious Coryza and the prognosis is good with prompt treatment. While the greatest economic loss related to Infectious Coryza results in poor egg production (marked reduction 10-40%) in layer and poor growth performance in growing chickens it can cause mortality especially in stressed or already weakened birds.

Reported moralities in commercial flocks is between 10% and 35% and as it is not a reportable disease figures are not available for backyard flocks. If there is co-infection with other conditions mortality may be as high as 50%.

Below: Sometimes it is not being able to see to eat that kills birds.

In my experience if it is caught quickly and treated properly mortality in backyard chickens is very low, I would expect 10% to 20% mortality with veterinary treatment.

How do you treat Infectious Coryza chickens?

As Infectious Coryza is a bacteria it is sensitive to certain antibiotics and the treatment is a prescribed antibiotic for 7 to 10 days.

It is important to remember that treatment will cure the acute infection but the chicken may go on to shed the bacteria from time time over the course of it's life and may relapse into an infected state requiring a second course of treatment.

It should be noticed that resistance against antibiotics in the Avibacterium paragallinarum happens. A multidrug-resistance plasmid has been accounted to be common in isolates of Avibacterium paragallinarum from Taiwan, with the plasmid providing resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamides, kanamycin, and neomycin.

Always remember to isolate sick birds from the rest to avoid spread of infections.

Treatment and duration depends on the severity of the initial infection.

Different sulfonamides and antibiotics help lighten the severity and course of the disease and Erythromycin and oxytetracycline are the two most used antibiotics.

Treatment with antibiotics for 7 to 10 days as a flare-up may occur if treatment is too short or stopped prematurely.

Possible treaatments include:

• Sulphonamide such as sulfadimethoxine or sulphaquinoxaline @ 0.5 mg/100 kg of feed.
• Streptomycin @ 15-400 mg per bird.
• Oxytetracycline.
• Erythromycin 50 ppm in water for 4 days (decrease spread)

Other treatments are palliative, meaning they can relive the symptoms without curing the condition.

These include bathing the eyes in warm water and adding electrolytes the water to aid recovery. Your vet may have eye drops to help relive the symptoms and pain killers may be appropriate for backyard flocks. Warm and dry conditions will help as will softened feed.

How long do chickens take to recover from Infectious Coryza?

Chickens take 3 weeks to recover from Infectious Coryza.

Without treatment the disease will infect a flock and run it's course within 30 to 40 days.

Treatment shortened the time taken by the chickens to recover and prevents some mortality.

Can you prevent Infectious Coryza?

You can take some measures to prevent infections:

1. Biosecurity.
2. Carry out proper sanitaion before new entry of chickens.
3. Vacate coops, sheds and site for one month between flocks.
4. Avoid practises such as purchasing breeding males or starting chicks from unknown sources.
5. Only day-old chicks should be secured for replacement purposes unless the source is known to be free of Infectious Coryza.
6. Isolation new from old stock.
7. All-in / all-out system is the best way to avoid infectious coryza.
8. Vaccination should be completed 4 weeks before infectious coryza usually breaks out on the individual farm.
9. Controlled exposure to live organisms also has been used to immunize layers in endemic areas.

Is Infectious Coryza contagious to humans?

No. The bacteria which cause Infectious Coryza only infect chickens, not humans and is of no public health significance to the human population. The impact of the disease is purely economic in value.

Is Infectious Coryza painful?

Yes, Infectious coryza is both painful and distressing for chickens. It is an acute respiratory disease of chickens characterized by nasal discharge, sneezing, and swelling of the face under the eyes.

Below: Swelling like this is bound to be painful.

Home and Herbal remedies for Infectious Coryza in poultry:

There are no truely effective home or herbal remedies for Coryza. Colloidal silver is often touted as a remedy but it isn't considered safe or effective for any of the health claims. Silver has no known purpose in the body and not an essential mineral.

All home and herbal remedies can and should be given for palliative reasons to make the birds feel better and they may help with the chickens overall health but they won't cure the disease or speed recovery.

Infectious Coryza vaccine:

Commercial vaccines for infectious coryza, typically based on killed H. paragallinarum, are widely available around the world. They are effective only against certain strains and only if the vaccination has taken place 30 days before infection.

Can you eat chickens with Infectious Coryza?

Yes, although infected birds grow more slowly and are more likely to be condemned as inedible.

There is no public health significance attributed to the bacteria which cause Infectious Coryza.

The disease can have a great effect on meat chickens. In California, two cases of infectious coryza, one entangled by the presence of Mycoplasma synoviae, caused increased condemnation, mostly due to air sacculitis, which varies from 8.0%–15%.

Conclusion:

It's an acute respiratory disease caused by a bacteria that has an incubation period of 1 - 3 days and can affect the entire flock within 10 days.

The bacteria can survive for 2 - 3 days outside the bird but easily killed by heat and disinfectants.

It is transmitted through direct bird to bird contact, human keeper to bird contact, breathing airborne bacteria or consuming contaminated food or water.

References:

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