How to treat and prevent Coccidiosis in chickens

In the commercial chicken industry Coccidiosis is a disease of young chickens, in backyard flocks it can strike later in life as well.

What is coccidiosis in chickens?

Coccidiosis is a common, and sometimes deadly, protozoal disease of chickens caused by a parasite attaching itself to a chicken's intestinal lining. This microscopic organism damages the intestinal tract, preventing the host chicken from absorbing nutrients vital to their survival.

Coccidia symptoms include bloody diarrhoea, watery diarrhoea, ruffled feathers, huddling, weight loss, depression, paleness, lack of appetite and poor weight gain. Some chickens may show no symptoms whatsoever.

It is pronounced kok-si-dee-ow-suhs. It is very painful for the birds and makes them stop eating and hunch over in curved back pose.

While it can affect any chickens of any age, most birds are affected between the ages of 3 and 5 weeks old.

Chickens are mostly immune to coccidia by the time they're 14 weeks old but a bird in poor health or under severe stress may succumb at any age. Certain species infect older birds.

Below: A chicken showing the classic symptoms of coccidiosis.

Avian coccidiosis is hard to eradicate for two reasons,  firstly the oocyst wall is environmentally resistant and secondly, the sporulated oocyst can survive for long time in the environment.

Your veterinarian can diagnose coccidiosis by looking for oocysts or protozoan eggs in a bird's faecal sample under a microscope.

Treatment is important as there is no cross-immunity present between the species of coccidiosis.

You can treat coccidia outbreaks either with medication prescribed by your veterinarian or with anticoccidial medications available at feed stores and from poultry suppliers.

Many chick foods come pre-medicated to prevent coccidiosis outbreaks. When fed to chicks, it helps build the young chicks' immunity to the parasite by allowing some oocysts to make it through.

You can help prevent coccidiosis by eliminating wet litter and use an ammonia-type pine cleaner to disinfect the areas. Keeping the brooder clean will keep coccidia under control.

What is the cause of coccidiosis?

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract of animals caused by coccidian protozoa.

Below: Diagram showing the shape of the sporulated oocyst of Eimeria.

The disease spreads from one animal to another by contact with infected faeces or ingestion of infected tissue. Diarrhoea, which may become bloody in severe cases, is the primary symptom.

How do chickens get coccidiosis?

There are several different ways the chickens can become infected, the most common is the ingestion of the infective oocyst that is present in the water, feed, and litter.

It is also spread by mechanically by  animals, insects, and wild birds that pick the oocyst and spread the disease. The oocyst that is present in the litter and on any premises so can be easily spread by the clothes, shoes, and utensils.

This spread can be easily prevented with proper disinfection of the poultry houses, utensils, and water.

Spread also occurs with the movement of people, labour, doctors, and equipment between farms.

Under optimal condition oocytes may live for many weeks but it can be rapidly killed under high temperatures and drying. At temperatures of 55°C or below freezing, the oocyst may be killed rapidly.

Infection is less likely during hot, dry weather and greater in cooler, damp weather 

What are the symptoms and signs of coccidiosis in chickens?

Signs of coccidiosis range from:

1. Decreased growth rate,
2. A high percentage of visibly sick birds,
3. Severe or bloody diarrhoea,
4. Low feed and water consumption,
5. Weight loss, 
6. Decreased egg production, 
7. Increased mortality or death.
8. Anaemia and pale comb.

Below: Blood in the droppings is a sure sign of coccidiosis.

Below: This hunched immobile position with fluffed feathers is a classic symptom.

Clinical sign and symptoms of coccidiosis are classified as:

Clinical coccidiosis: is characterised by the high or low morbidity and mortality, bloody diarrhoea, emaciation and loss of production and performance of the bird

Sub-clinical coccidiosis: in which clinical signs do not appear clearly but there is a loss of weight and feed conversion ratio that occur.

Asymptomatic coccidiosis: in which clinical sign does not appear but diseases present. These forms are not severe to the chicken.

Classification of coccidiosis based on location and there are two types: 

1. Caecal Coccidiosis
2. Intestinal coccidiosis

Caecal coccidiosis: Caused by the genus Eimeria tenella. Severe disease characterised by bloody droppings, high mortality, and morbidity, loss of weight gain, and emaciation.

Due to the losses these are considered one of the most harmful species in the chickens with the mortality mostly at the 5th to 6th day following infection.

Intestinal coccidiosis: Caused by the Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunette, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria mivati, Eimeria praecox, Eimeria nagani and it is characterised by the severe weight loss, high morbidity, and mortality in the flock.

These types mostly occur in older birds with more than 25% mortality in a commercial flock of the chickens.

How do you diagnose coccidiosis?

The diagnosis of coccidiosis is based on a clinical signs, The presence and number of eggs in the droppings, postmortem lesion, and another laboratory tests.

The identification of the species by the size of the oocytes, location of the infection, and type of lesion. These are rapidly confirmed by the presence of eggs in the dropping of the chicken.

The number of oocysts also helps to determine the severity of the infection and has little relationship to some extent of clinical diseases.

The appearance of the flock, rate of morbidity and mortality, rate of feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio and rate of production also help in the diagnosis of coccidiosis.

The typical lesion of E. tenella and E. necatrix are easily evaluated but infection by other species is difficult to identify.

In some cases, mixed infection by more than one species also occurs.

Microscopic examination of the intestinal scraping and dropping for the oocytes. The following sample should be submitted to the laboratory for confirmation of diagnosis. 

Litter samples can also be submitted for oocyte count.

How do you treat coccidiosis?

Treatment of coccidiosis of chickens is with specific anticoccidial drugs and depends upon the severity of the diseases, clinical sign, age, and condition of the birds.

Amprolium is the go to treatment for coccidiosis in backyard flocks of chickens. The dosage of Amprolium in medicated feeds is not strong enough to treat an outbreak. You will need to purchase a stronger solution.

The treatment for the backyard flock chicken keeper is easy: Get some Corid from the feed store or online and follow the directions on the bottle. The product comes in both powder and liquid.

Dose for powder is 1/2 teaspoon per gallon of water for 5 to 7 days. I would treat for longer to make sure you have beaten the disease.

Liquid is 9.5 ml per gallon, same duration of treatment, I would do a week to be safe.

Make the mixture fresh every day and it will control the coccidia and give the hens time to develop immunity.

There are many anticoccidial drugs present in the market for the treatment of coccidiosis of chickens. A full list of treatments is in the table below.

Below: Amprolium 9.6% solution known as Corid for the treatment of coccidiosis in poultry. Availiable to buy or on prescription depending on where you live.

The most popular treatment for coccidiosis is Amprolium, which blocks the parasite's ability to uptake and multiply.

Treatment is usually administered by adding Amprolium to the chickens' water supply, however in some cases, where sick chickens aren't eating or drinking enough, the medication is given orally.

How long do chickens live with coccidiosis?

The pre-patent period is 4–7 days. This means that the mean time between infection and the chicken showing symtopms of the disease is between 4 and 7 days. Actual survival time depends on the overall health of the bird and the size of the infected dose received.

Chickens with asymtomatic coccidiosis might live quite a long time but without treatment most will succumb at some point.

Sporulated oocysts may survive for long periods, depending on environmental factors. Oocysts are resistant to some disinfectants commonly used around livestock but are killed by freezing or high environmental temperatures.

How do you get rid of coccidia?

Treatment depends upon the severity of the diseases, clinical sign, age, and condition of the birds.

Many anticoccidial drugs are available and the following coccidiosis medicines are used to treat chickens.

Below: Table showing which coccidiosis drugs are used and their respective egg withdrawl periods.

Drugs	Route of administration	Duration	Withdraw period
Amprolium	Water	1-2 weeks	0
Chlorotetracycline	Feed	3 weeks	0
Oxytetracycline	Feed	5 days	3
Sodium sulfachloropyrazine monohydrate	Water	3 days	4
Sulfadimethoxine	Water	6 days	5
Sulfamethazine	Water	2 days	10
Toltrazuril	Water	2 days	Not applicable

Anticoccidial drugs are used in chick feed as prophylactic medication also occurs for the prevention of the diseases before clinical signs are appearing. These drugs do not stop the complete outbreak.

Treatment is usually given in water.

Antibiotic and increased levels of Vitamin A and K also help to prevent the diseases and improve the rate of recovery.

Continuous use of anticoccidial drugs promotes the emergence of drug-resistant strains of coccidia. For this reason it is advisable to change the medication you treat with if it becomes an ongoing issue with your flock.

Can you eat eggs or meat from chickens with coccidiosis?

You are likely wondering if it is safe to eat eggs or meat from chickens with coccidiosis. 

You can eat eggs from a chicken with coccidiosis as most chickens have a residual infection all the time, they are just immune to it. It depends more on the medication you treat the bird with than the infection itself.

Although I would choose not to eat eggs or meat from a sick chicken, with coccidiosis there is technically no reason you could not.

Medications have withdrawal periods when the eggs and meat are considered unfit for human consumption. With Corid this period is 0 days so you could go right on eating the eggs.

Some other treatments have longer withdrawal periods.

Can antibiotics treat coccidiosis?

Antibiotics do not treat coccidiosis although they are sometimes given with a vitamin and mineral supplement to support recovery and prevent or treat other infections in the birds.

The Coccidia isn't a bacteria, it is a spore forming protozoa, so antibiotics are a waste unless the chicken has a second condition that requires treatment.

Does coccidia go away on its own?

Chickens will become immune to the parasite but generally need help doing so.

Once you notice the effects of coccidia it will not go away on its own and will need to be treated.

Once it is established at a site it will likely persist for a long time. It is endemic, this is why most keepers resort to regular treatment of young birds or buying vaccinated stock.

Can chickens recover from coccidiosis?

Yes. If the disease is caught early chickens will recover with no lasting effects from the condition.

Once you notice the effects of the disease they will need help to recover in the form of Corid or some similar treatment.

Can humans get coccidiosis from chickens?

Most coccidiosis is species specific and as a rule cannot infect humans. One well-known exception is toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Practice good hygiene and wash your hands and do not tempt fate.

Prevention of coccidiosis in poultry:

Prevention of coccidiosis is more important than medication. Take the following preventive measures to help keep coccidiosis at bay:

1. Dry litter. Adopt a nipple drinking system because it reduces spillage of water onto the litter.
2. Proper ventilation system to remove moisture and to keep the litter dry.
3. Provide proper feeding and watering space to reduce stress.
4. The addition of anticoccidial drugs at the recommended level will prevent clinical infection. Broiler feed must contain anticoccidial agents.
5. Adopt a proper vaccination or treatment schedule to enhance immunity.
6. Restriction of the movement from one farm to another farm. 
7. Maintain good hygiene in the shed and regular cleaning.
8. Feed and water chickens outside.
9. Rotate poultry to new ground.

Life cycle of coccidiosis in poultry:

The life cycle of Eimeria takes about four to seven days to complete. Eimeria species have a direct life cycle, so there is no intermediate host needed to complete the cycle.

Below: The life cycle of the coccidiosis protozoa.

There are different species of Eimeria that cause coccidiosis.

They mostly live and multiply in the intestine cause tissue damage. These are most affected in the rainy season and young birds because the immunity develops after the outbreak of the disease.

There is no cross-immunity present between the species so an outbreak occurs by another species. Eimeria spp. have a short life cycle and a high rate of production causes a severe outbreak in the small open houses and even commercial flock that reared on the litter.

Coccidiosis can affect all types of poultry and in all types of facilities. There range may mild to the severe cause by the ingestion of a few oocysts to millions oocyst. Mostly they are mild because of the continuous administration of anticoccidial drugs which to prevent it from the severe outbreak.

Coccidiosis causes heavy mortality in the young bird’s broiler that is reared on deep litter. They are mostly affecting the grower between the age of 3-6 weeks and less than 3 weeks. These are rarely occurred in the layer because of immunity before the exposure of coccidia. It is mostly affected in overcrowding of the chicken in small areas and stress on the bird.

Eimeria belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, family Eimeriidae which composed of several genera that cause lesions on different sites. These are the following nine species that are found in the chicken such as.

Below: Table showing the different species of coccidiosis and where they infect the intestines.

Prevention of coccidiosis by Vaccination:

When birds are infected with low numbers of Eimeria parasites, protective immunity is developed after two to three consecutive infections. 

Live virulent strain is composed of the different number of wild types of strains of virus depending upon the composition and field of application. Coccivac® D, Immucox® C2 are the two products that are used for broiler breeders. In which eight species of Eimeria included. This number is restricted up to four species in the broiler industry (Coccivac® D, Immucox® C2).

These vaccines can be given at the age of 1st week. When these vaccines are used in the chicken the risk of coccidiosis is higher at an early (2-3 weeks) and lower in the age (3-4 weeks) or onward.

See more about protecting your chickens with vaccination.

Organic treatment of coccidiosis in poultry:

How do you treat coccidiosis naturally?

You don't. You should only focus on natural ways to prevent coccidiosis.

Coccidiosis is one of the most endemic, aggressive and expensive parasite diseases in poultry. Natural treatments need to be used a feed supplements and used continuously.

By the time you notice the effects of the coccidia parasite on your flock it will be too late to treat the chickens naturally. You need to resort to a chemical treatment and go back to the natural methods afterwards.

There are no effective organic treatments for coccidiosis that will work in time. Organics like garlic, turmeric, green tea, Aloe vera and herbs may have some preventative effects but they will not treat an advanced infection before the bird dies.

Organic treatments are normally feed additives and a sick bird may well have stopped eating. Sorry but  letting an animal die a horrible death to be able to stand on some soapbox about being natural just leaves me speechless.

Numerous plant-based products have been found to be effective at treating chicken coccidiosis: Artemisia annua and artemisinin, oregano, garlic, neem, different species of Aloe, green tea, sugar cane, turmeric and many others.

Different plant compounds may have supportive effects and some even effect the protozoa at different stages of it life cycle but the effects are limited.

Below:  A table of commercial products that can help control coccidia with regular use in a natural way.

Conclusion:

As with so much in chickens keeping the best treatment is prevention and understanding.

Keep your chickens healthy and follow a proper regime with medicated feed as chicks to allow them to become immune to the coccidia parasite. 

References:

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